The publication provides a structured overview of the GI framework under the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999, tracing its evolution in line with India’s TRIPS obligations and examining how GIs function as collective intellectual property rights rooted in geography, culture, and community reputation.

Through a case-study approach, the article explains:

• What constitutes a Geographical Indication and how GIs differ from trademarks
• The tools available globally for GI protection, including certification marks, collective marks and sui generis regimes
• The GI registration process in India, from filing and examination to opposition and registration
• Rights conferred by GI registration and remedies available for infringement and passing off
• Practical enforcement mechanisms, including civil, criminal, and border measures
• Key gaps in the current GI framework and areas where legislative reform may be required
• Practical, stage-wise guidance for GI protection—pre-registration, registration, and post-registration

The publication also highlights the socio-economic importance of GIs, underscoring their role in community empowerment, cultural preservation, market differentiation, and sustainable regional development.

This knowledge note is intended as a practical reference for students, producers’ associations, policymakers, brand owners, and IP professionals, and contributes to ongoing dialogue on strengthening India’s GI ecosystem.